Use of Chemical Weapons and its Effects on the Neighboring Countries

Globalization can be defined as the process of integrating the social, economic, political, and cultural of different countries globally. Globalization stems back all the way to the second half of the 20th century. Globalization has plenty of accolades, but it also has major negative consequences. Scientific developments hastened with globalization and tools of mass destruction like chemical weapons started being produced on large scale and demand. This paper focuses on how the use of chemical weapons in Syria has affected the Syrian environment and its relations with its neighboring countries. Background Chemical weapons are some of the most dangerous tools to be used in war. Chemical weapons have been used for centuries in fight, but it was not until the First World War that they were used in large scale. According to Ahmet ÃÅ"zà ¼mcà ¼ says that this was all made possible by the rapid advances in science technology that enabled the mass production of these lethal weapons. Despite the early efforts to control the use of these weapons by signing the Geneva protocol in 1925, it did not require that one could not stock chemical agent; therefore, they continued to be used in warfare during the cold war and even the Iran-Iraq war. In 1993, the world community signed the chemical weapon convention, which was enforced in 1997 (1). This was a much comprehensive ban on chemical weapons. Destruction of these weapons is projected to conclude in the next few years. Recent events in Syria have reminded the world of the horrific impact of chemical weapons. According to Pita Renà © and Juan Domingo, the Syrian government accused a terrorist group of firing a chemical rocket at the southeast of the city of Aleppo, Khan Al Asal that took the lives of 25 innocent people and injured more than 110 people (2). Jefferson quoted the US secretary of state on the event as â€Å"moral obscenity†. The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) could not investigate the disaster since at the time Syria was not a member of the Chemical World Convention. However, after the Syrian Government asked the United Nations to investigate whether the use of chemical weapons caused the attack, it started the UN Secretary-General Mechanism (SGM). The UN Secretary-General assembled a mission that consisted of OCPW personnel and medical staff from the world health organization (4). The investigation did confirm that the attack was chemical based, and also set the base for the investigation of other alleged chemical weapon attacks with France and the United Kingdom accusing Syria of another chemical related attack. These were followed by other allegations by Qatar and the USA. They were all alleging that through their investigations they had found the 12 different attacks to have been caused by chemical weapons which were in possession of the Syrian government. The investigations were conducted through the means of individualized governments, which meant that the UN could not use the findings. The United Nations could not use these findings because they did not have the proper chain of protection, as the United Nations required the investigation to be done by its personnel. However, after all the turn of events, the Syrian government decided to join the CWC led to the commencement of international efforts to completely Syria of these dangerous chemical weapons (5). Problems The use of Chemical weapons in Syria attracted a lot of attention from big world powers. Greg says that the USA and the UK became the most spoken in the fight against removing chemical weapons and a new regime in Syria. After the statement of the US secretary of state John Kerry, the then President of the United States of America Barrack Obama also issued a statement warning Syria that any use of chemical weapons by the country would be crossing a global red line. The British Prime minister David Cameron despite conceding the parliamentary vote on taking part in military action and gave a striking warning that the use of chemical weapons would quality a strong response from the United Kingdom. According to Christian Henderson, the UK decided that by â€Å"legal basis military action would be humanitarian intervention.† Syria had potentially made unnecessary powerful enemies who could subdue it if it went past diplomacy (3). Syria was not part of the CWC when the first attack took place; this meant that the relevant authority that was assigned with the task of investigating chemical attacks could not get involved. Even though other individualized governments had carried out their investigation due to the lack of chain of custody of the investigations, even the UN could not take any action. This meant the process would drag on for a longer period than it should have and the relationship between the countries involved would continue to strain. In turn, the process of ridding the universe of chemical weapons would suffer setbacks. Pros The attack in Syria brought back the attention of the world to a problem that needed an urgent solution. Syria was still one of the countries that were still not in the CWC, and the attack showed the world that they needed to do everything possible to get the other countries to join CWC. According to Catherine Jefferson, Syria did allow and joined CWC and had since cooperated with the body in the destruction of the chemical weapons stock. For the OPCW to get involved in the first investigation, it required the activation of the SGM, the enactment of this mechanism showed the importance of achieving Universal membership (2). Since Syria became part of the CWC actions have been taken to ensure that Syria destroys the chemical weapons and through this Samiotis and Grekos, shows in 2014 chemical weapons from Syria were destroyed aboard a vessel belonging to the US Maritime Administration by the name MV Cape Ray in the Mediterranean Sea. This was a big milestone in the fight for a world free from chemical weaponry (2). Cons The first agreement against chemical weapons, the Geneva protocol was signed in 1925, but countries were still stockpiling chemical weapons, and it took well over 68 years before the Chemical Weapon Convention was established in 1993. It took another four years for it to be enforced, but the drawback is that there are countries that are not part of the CWC; thus, this does not affect that which puts the convention under threat. This is seen when the attacks in Syria take place by the use of the weapons, and it is even harder to assemble a mission to investigate the attacks due to the lack of custody (Renà © and Domingo 2). The convention has played a big role in destroying chemical weapons, but there is still a long way to go before they accomplish this mission entirely. The use of chemical weapons in Syria has a very negative effect on the natural environment of the countries affected. According to Pita Renà © and Juan Domingo shows, that the samples collected from the scene of the attack had Sarin decomposition and metabolites. The destruction of chemical weapons in the Mediterranean Sea according to has consequences that even from a scientific perspective still do not know the extent to which it may destroy the sea. The chemicals involved in the making of the weapons cause a lot of damage to the environment which if not dealt with my cause a permanent problem. Many of the attacks have happened within Syria, and any signs of way are a threat to political stability and attainment of world peace. The claims that have been made against the Syrian government have not been proven, and thus no one has taken responsibility for the attacks (4). Solutions According to Christopher Jenkins, the CWC is on the right track towards the complete destruction of chemical weapons. The CWC should engage the countries that have not joined them to subscribe to the cause and help the world become chemical weapon free. Most of the countries are storing the weapons because of the uncertainty that they might face a war shortly. If the CWC and other relevant authorities come together, get involved and guarantee these countries that they won't fall into the attack, then it may be possible to get them to join CWC (1). Recommendations The Syrian government has strained relations with other countries due to the recent attacks. It is important for these countries to have a good international relationship for the CWC to be well enforced and reduce any chances of them getting into a war and spark another wave of large-scale production chemical weapons. The Syrian government should also get involved in the process of restoring the country to a more stable state. They should get as much outside help as possible and enhance their international relationships.

Debate Advertising Towards Children Can Only Be Seen as Harmless

Introduce team members- Aidan Laura Marketing Debate Notes: On average, children in the U. S will watch 25 000 – 40 000 television ads per year. $15 – $17 billion is spent on these ads ? marketers see children as the future and aim to create brand loyalty from a young age. Therefore positive advertising at children will help shape the future ? developing healthy/positive lifestyles in children from a young age van only benefit society in the long run. Children’s diets result from the interplay of many factors. Multiple factors account for childhood obesity, including individual, social, environmental and cultural factors. Parents & Money There are many children who appear not to be adversely affected by marketing targeted at them ? their parents’ instilled good values in them. Positive Effects of Advertising Children are the future and therefore allowing them to be subjected to more adult concepts that are displayed to them in marketing such as decision-making and critical thought can only prepare them better for the future. Marketing to children (and as a whole) works because it lives off of deeply held beliefs about self-expression & freedom of choice ? ideologies that children can only benefit from being exposed to. Marketers use overly creative tools to engage the young audience – this creativity can used in the future to be successful. Communication in itself can be a force for real good ? this good is often overshadowed by the bad effects marketing has on, however if it has the power to do this then the positive advertising must have the potential to be as effective. Marketing helps develop children’s media literacy and critical decision making, which are necessary in adulthood. Through marketing, children learn to analyse what they are presented with and become more street wise. Positive Advertising Examples Nickelodeon: encourages physical activity, community sport participation, consumption of fresh fruit and veg Harry Potter Books marketing: nowadays massive budgets are given to book releases as well as movies – Harry Potter and Twilight books were promoted heavily and the igh sales of these books shows how successful the marketing was. Aus Kick and other community sports advertisements: advertising and sports sponsorship encourage children to participate in some form of physical exercise. Breakfast Cereals: all children’s breakfast cereals either promote healthy learning (sultana bran- fight the fuzzies) or physical activity (nutrigrain- ironman, weetbix- aus cricket team). These cereals are often sponsored by a sports team or organisation and therefore the cereals brand can be seen when watching these sports along with the primary advertising. This encourages children to value physical exercise and value their education. In 1998 3,000 children and teenagers under the age of 18 years in the United States begun smoking. Non-profit organizations and government agencies used social marketing and advertising to prevent children and youth from starting smoking. Now in 2010 the number has dropped remarkably due to advertising, which as changed the social norm. Children and young people are an interested and active consumer audience that should be acknowledged, valued and respected. Figure 2 ‘What I eat every day’ was a clear concern, with 83% considering this important. Similar studies during the late 1990s carried out by HPI for Procter and Gamble and Sunny Delight showed children far less concerned about their daily diet than they are nowadays (advertising is benefiting children). Daily diet was important across the age spectrum, with children as young as six to nine saying what they eat was important. What they eat every day was important to 81% of 14-16 year olds. Figure 6 Children understand the context and consequences of healthy eating. They were asked how they thought eating healthily could beneifit them and while fuel and growth was naturally highest scoring, they also recognized that healthy eating gives energy and promotes general well-being. They themselves talk a lot about balance; they know eating healthy eating promotes well-being as well as helping you grow. They acknowledge the need for a variety of different foods (dairy for bones, vitamins in fruit and veg) although most are unsure why. Burt. M. , 2009, Marketing to Children – An Ethical Predicament, Ethical Corporation. http://www. ethicalcorp. com/content. asp? ContentID=425 (accessed 3rd March 2010) Benady. D. , 2008, The Positive Power of Pestering, Marketing Week. Shah. A. , 2008, Children as Consumers, Global Issues, http://www. globalissues. org/article/237/children-as-consumers (accessed 10th March 2010)

Audience, Anaylsis and Reception

Knowing the audience that you are presenting in front of is as important to knowing what you will be talking about. Most individuals are prepared with notes and other Items to help them stay on topic and well informed on the subject they are presenting on. Knowing the audience will let you know how detailed of a report you will have to write, if it is for the boss, they might except information on the topic, how the topic can be improve business, how Is this different from other organizations, the finances on how much it will take to get down.Yet If It Is for your fellow employees, they might Just want to know more Information on the topic and how It will Improve the business. Having an Idea of the audience that will be reading your report as an example like corporate executives or special guests that might be Glenn feedback on the report Is Important also. These Individuals might have specific knowledge on the topic and their research and analysis might be expected In the report and management might except feedback from them about the report.They might also except acknowledgment in the report on the Information you gotten from their research and/ or previous analysis. These potential understanding can help make a smoother report on the presenters part because they will know more of what to except after the report is read. And if these needs are not might more than likely management will look for a revised report with more specifics, management might want to let you go based on a bad report.If I had to write a report at my workplace I old know that my boss and her husband are difficult individuals to satisfy, I would have to make sure to provide as much details as possible on the subject, where I obtained the information, how credible are those resources and how will this improve their business with the finance numbers on how much will it take to get done. If the needs were not might with my report, management will except from me to improve upon what I already wrote; taking the feedback given to me or they will let me go based on a poor report on a topic that is in my Job description.

Neo-Malthusians and Anti-Multhusians Research Paper

Neo-Malthusians and Anti-Multhusians - Research Paper Example The increase in population makes people to adjust and stimulate or trigger change in agricultural production techniques (Hubbert, 2010). According to Anti-Malthusians perception on population growth, people can adjust and cope with the current resource needs and food. An increase of population will make people to make adjustment in agriculture by using techniques like greenhouse crops, fish farming, artificial pesticides and terrace farming in order to meet the demand (DP Geography, 2015). On the other hand, Neo-Malthusians believe that growth in pollution will affect human life. Neo-Malthusians claim that, population growth will brings about war, diseases, low standards of living and famine (Sunderline, 2003). In order to avoid those calamities the population growth should be accompanied by an increase in food supply. The Neo-Malthusians perception is correct because an increase of people will mark an increase in food demand. If the increase in food demand will not be handled then people will be face more difficulties (Weeks, 2015). Neo-Malthusians and Anti-Malthusians have different perception on the effects of population growth. The Neo-Malthusians beliefs are correct because an increase in population will cause an increase in resource demand. It will take time to adjust in order to meet the demand. Anti-Malthusian belief that the population will cope by adjusting food production techniques hence there will be no effect. Population growth always brings about changes which can take people more time before adjusting. DP Geography (2015). Neo-Malthusians and Anti-Malthusians. Retrieved January 12, 2015, from

The Bank of Enlgand Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Bank of Enlgand - Coursework Example The governments and the central banks in all the economies of the world formulate their financial strategies to ensure that the inflation rates do not rise to high levels. However a comparatively more dangerous scenario arises when the inflation rates actually reach negative values, or deflation, because a case of deflation can damage the economy much more than a high inflation rate. Most central banks aim to control the inflation rates to low yet positive rates which are usually at 2-3%, and this is done by keeping the equilibrium point of aggregate demand and aggregate supply at the desired level, as shown in the figure on the right. The same has been the aim of the Bank of England, which is the central bank of England, to keep the inflation rates just above 2% during the financial period. This target has been in the strategy of the Bank of England since the past two years because a positive low inflation rate which is stable and under control is considered the best for the economy . The factors of exactly why deflation is a worse scenario than inflation will be discussed later on in the assignment. Inflation rate is determined by three measures which are Consumer Price Index (CPI), Retail Price Index (RPI) and RPIX. CPI is a measure of the change in the price of consumer goods and services. RPI is calculated by measuring the change in price of all the retail goods and service in the economy. Last is the RPIX which is used in the United Kingdom and is calculated by subtracting mortgage interest payments from RPI. Types of Inflation Inflation is when the general prices of the goods and services in an economy are increasing. Due to the rise in the prices, it has a negative effect on the purchasing power of the money in the economy. Such is because the people can buy a lesser quantity of goods and services with the same amount of money compared to the last year. There are two types of inflation which are anticipated and unanticipated inflation, and both of them c reate a different impact on the economy. (tutor2u, n.d.) The first type of inflation is anticipated inflation is when the inflation rate can be correctly calculated and the people can protect themselves from its effects. An example of anticipated inflation and protect oneself from it is when the labor union collectively bargains for a wage rise in order to keep the real wages at the same level. They are able to bargain because they are aware of the inflation rate and keep in accordance with it. The second type of inflation is unanticipated inflation. The truth is that the inflation rates can never be predicted to an exact level and the actual interest rate may usually vary to the calculated inflation rate. This variance is called the unanticipated inflation rate, and it exists because the inflation rates are very volatile from year to year and therefore it becomes difficult to correctly predict the rate. Since it is unknown, the people cannot protect themselves from it (Gillespie, 2 007, pp. 382-383). An example of this is when a natural disaster such as an earthquake or flood, there is a sudden increase in demand for tents. This situation is showed in the figure above. Inflation is caused by cost push and demand pull factors. Cost push inflation is when the rise in prices occurs due to the rise in prices of the raw materials. When the prices of the raw materials increase, the aggregate supply in the economy decreases and the curve shifts to the

Gap Case Study- Analysis current strategy Essay

Gap Case Study- Analysis current strategy - Essay Example 45). The demographic trend include factors like the number of target consumers, age mix, distribution of people across target geographical areas, population composition by ethnicity and trends in income within target market. These factors have significantly remained constant for the industry, except income distribution that could have been caused by the economic recession in the year 2009. The industry’s target market that defines its geographical environment is also global due to regional and international trade. Its economic environment is however variable and depends on factors such as interest rates, inflation rates and recession (Ireland, Hoskisson and Hitt, 2008; Thompson and Strickland, 2009). The industry is also significantly influenced by political factors that include legal systems and governmental agencies that protect consumer interests and include legislations and regulatory bodies and sociological and cultural factors such as general attitudes, health concerns, and cultural beliefs among the target market that significantly affect the industry and are particularly influenced by morality, taste, and preferences. Industrial operations’ dependence on technology for production and marketing also identifies technological trend as a factor to the family clothing industry’s environment besides globalization that facilitates international competition (Ireland, Hoskisson and Hitt, 2008). Porter’s analysis of the industry’s competitive forces The industry operates in a free competitive market. Its competitive forces can be explored through the Porter’s approach of that identifies â€Å"threats of new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers, competitors, bargaining power of buyers and threats of substitute products or services† (Henry, 2008, p. 71). Threats to new entrants into the industry are weak because of the nature of the industry that includes established participants with consumers’ retention s trategies. One of the factors that make it difficult for new entrants is the branding strategy that key players have adopted. With five major firms in control of the market and their established branding efforts, consumers have developed preferences and are reluctant to try products from new firms. As a result, inability to penetrate the market discourages potential new entrepreneurs and those that venture into the industry do not exert significant pressure on existing market players, especially the major players. The small profit margin factor in the industry that requires economies of scale for sufficient profitability is another factor that regulates potential new entrants into the industry, as small-scale ventures are largely unprofitable and new firms finds it difficult to command a large percentage of the market. Developed preferences through branding also ensures consumers strictness on supply chains or outlets from which they acquire brand commodities, as new channels and ou tlets are treated with suspicion. This preserves existing participants’ position in the industry (Thompson and Strickland, 2009; Henry, 2008). Buyers bargaining power is another factor in the Porter’s forces model. It defines the collective ability of a group of buyers or a single buyer to dictate relations with an enterprise in sales terms such as prices and other terms and

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome in Neonates and Children Essay

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome in Neonates and Children - Essay Example "SSSS is caused by the release of two exotoxins (epidermolytic toxins A and B) from toxigenic strains of the bacteria (or a germ) Staphylococcus aureus. Desmosomes are the part of the skin cell responsible for adhering to the adjacent skin cell. The toxins bind to a molecule within the desmosome called Desmoglein 1 and break it up so the skin cells become unstuck," reports Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (2006). SSSS can be detected by a fever, redness that has spread on the skin, and irritability. Fluid-filled blisters, which rupture easily, appear within 24-48 hours of the fever and widespread redness of the skin. After the blisters rupture, the skin looks like it has been scalded, or burned. Approximately 15-40% of healthy individuals are carriers of Staphylococcus aureus and as carriers, they carry the bacteria but no signs of the disease or symptoms are revealed. These carriers introduce the Staphylococcus aureus (without any sign of infection or disease) into the childcare facility. But these individuals, particularly infants, get SSSS from a localised staphylococcal infection, which is the producer of the two exotoxins (epidermolytic toxins A and B) and outbreaks can often be found occurring in facilities that provide childcare. The reason older children and adults commonly do not get SSSS is because throughout a lifetime, immunities are built. In children younger than the age of five (especially infants), there is a lack of immunity built up that can defend against the toxin. Also, toxins are removed from the body via the kidneys due to the immature renal clearance system. These are the reasons why infants are more at risk. (Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, 2006). Diagnosing SSSS can be as simple as looking at the appearance of the skin. Skin tissue can be examined with a microscope. The bacteria can be found by examining surface fluid or pus. Blood can be tested for the SSSS infection. (Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome, 2006.) Pathophysiology has revealed a connection with other complications. For example, staphylococcus aureus causes the autoantibodies and bullous impetigo, a generalized form of SSS, which in turn causes pemphigus. Pemphigus was known to be unrelated to the other conditions. However, a study by Stanley and Amagai (2006) of the molecular pathophysiology of pemphigus revealed that the molecular pathophysiology contributes to the mechanism of the formation of blisters in bullous impetigo and the staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome. Stanley and Amagai (2006) report the following: Staphylococcal skin infections are among the most common skin diseases in children. Classic studies more than 30 years ago showed that the blisters in bullous impetigo and the scalded-skin syndrome are caused by exfoliative toxin released by staphylococcusSubsequently, it was discovered that two major serotypes of this toxin, A and B, cause bullous impetigo and the scalded-skin syndrome in cases of the scalded-skin syndrome, it circulates throughout the body, causing blisters at sites Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome 4 distant from the infection.49 The risk of death from the

Finance and Business Perfomance Assignment 1 Coursework

Finance and Business Perfomance Assignment 1 - Coursework Example That Sales are growing does not mean this is good because the cost price of goods sold is also increasing faster than Sales. The increase in sales figures may be due to the mark-ups of Louise to the Cost price. Louise is therefore selling a lower volume of goods but at higher prices as confirmed by the - 2% figure above, even though in Year 5, sales grew by 20% after Louise dropped gross margins from 30% to 25%. The gross margin is the ratio of gross profit to Sales and is the mark-up Louise adds to the cost of her products, whilst the net margin is the ratio of net profit to Sales after expenses are deducted from gross profit. Declining (- 4%) gross profits means sales are not increasing as fast as Cost price of goods, whilst the increase (14%) in net profits only means that Louise is controlling her expenses better, as shown by the 17% Average Sales/Expenses figure. Louise can improve the management of her business by spending more on marketing to increase demand and Sales figures. This would result in higher expenses, but it would increase Sales at a faster rate than the Cost price of goods and would result in an increase in net profits. Unless Sales increase, Louise's profits will be squeezed. If the capital of 60,000 in Year 1 is assumed to be the total she invested in the business, which includes initial inventory, improvements on the premises, furnishings and equipment, the van, and working capital to pay for wages and other expenses, the drawings of 64,000 over five years represents her return on that investment which, at a net value of 4,000 over five years does not seem much of a good one (at 1.3% per year). She may be better off depositing her money in the bank for a return of 3% to 5% (Economist, 2007). Of course, Louise may derive fun from running the business or perhaps she invested much less than 60,000 of capital, in which case she may be happy with the 12,800 annual income. An added danger is that assets are growing slower than liabilities (which would include accounts payables or debt to her suppliers), so unless Louise brings down debt, she may go bankrupt. She must manage her cash better to address this. And it seems that Louise is not paying taxes, so she better watch out as the taxman soon cometh 3. By reference to the figures, give a detailed assessment of the impact of the trading and financial performance of "Louise" on the personal financial situation of Louise Walford, over the five year period. [20/200] Louise Walford is not living the high life in Derbyshire we can be sure because her annual income is only 12,800, and unless she drives up sales at the shop to increase her net profits, she risks losing everything if her liabilities continue growing faster than assets. She drew only 8,000 in Year 3, and

Jupiter confectionary ltd - quantitative research design Essay

Jupiter confectionary ltd - quantitative research design - Essay Example Results can also be validated for reliability by implementing both a mixed research design methodology. Table of Contents About the Company Purpose of study Objectives of study Need for a research design Types of research design Advantages of the proposed research design Disadvantages of the proposed research design Alternative research design Conclusions References JUPITER CONFECTIONARY LTD - QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN About the company Jupiter Confectionary Ltd makes a variety of chocolate bars and has recently introduced a healthier range of cereal-based breakfast/snack bars. Purpose of study Jupiter now wants to evaluate customer satisfaction with the new product line. The brand manager has suggested running an online survey, printing the web address on the packaging and offering a prize draw as an incentive for people to participate. Objectives of study 1) To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed research design, and 2) To propose other approaches that might be more appropriate. Need for a Research Design Rose and Sullivan (1996) observed that there exist patterns in the universe, certain specific patterns for all kinds of activities that can be noted on careful observation. These specific patterns in the universe and the behaviour in time can be explained and predicted to a certain extent to a certain accuracy based on the information or data collected at that particular time. However, there is a large amount of data available for a particular activity, that is often confusing, and the researcher needs to select that particular data that is most relevant to the activity in time. Understanding the behaviour of the data collected helps explain complex concepts or theories through developing hypotheses about the relationships that may exist between the data collected. Further, the hypothesis can be validated for correctness and patterns of behaviour collated to explain the theories (Mamia, 2012). While conducting a research design, sever al aspects of the research are to be considered since the object of research is always dynamic and so the data collected is also changing in time. Further, there are two basic kinds of research design methodologies, descriptive and explanatory. While descriptive research attempts to research what activities happen or exist in the social sphere, explanatory research helps explain why the activities happen or exist. A typical research should include both descriptive and explanatory research as usually, good explanatory research is always built on descriptive research. A research in itself needs to be planned sufficiently to achieve the desired results (Mamia, 2012). Typical research design involves identifying project methodologies, planning the processes and identifying strategies while moulding the research objectives through the methodology and context (Richards, 2006). Types of Research Design Research design can be theoretical or empirical, qualitative or quantitative or a combin ation of theoretical and empirical, qualitative and quantitative. Research can be aimed at comparison or classification of the available facts through theoretical or empirical frameworks. However, most common method of research design is to use both theoretical and e

Esther and Book of Job Comparison Essay Example for Free

Esther and Book of Job Comparison Essay In one of the assigned readings, I came across story of a Jewish woman named Esther who had suffered from cancer. The uniqueness of her journey touched me incredibly when I learned about her own personal struggle with the disease. It is an amazing but sad story in the sense that Esther copes with her cancer in a shame related way, believing that she is suffering from her sins. Esther is unhappily married and ends up having an affair with her boss, and she perceives cancer as a punishment from God for her sin. As told in the story written by Dr, Jerome Groopman in book the â€Å"The Anatomy of Hope†, Esther waits quite a long time before seeking treatment, and her tumor is very large before she decides to receive medical attention. The author of the books shares his own experience as a resident in the hospital, getting into depth about her family issues, problems, and reactions to her illness. Esher’s character can be compared with similar reading from the bible called â€Å"Book of Job† in that both characters believe to be suffering by the hand of Satan, although this is not true in reality. In this particular reading, Satan comes to accuse wealthy Job before God. He insists that Job only serves God because God protects him, and Satan seeks God’s permission to test Job’s faith and loyalty. In Satan’s test, Job loses his wealth, family and health. Three of his friends come to try to comfort him and keep telling him that his tragedy is a punishment for past sins in his life. At this point, I was able to notice similarities to Esther’s experience in that she saw cancer as punishment for her infidelity. In the old testament of the Bible, Job’s friends tell him that he needs to remain humble and allow God to purify his life. Like Job, Esther is torn between believing in God’s punishment and willing to bet better. At first, she seeks the treatment way too late, but at least she does. She shares her secret with Dr. Groopman within a health venting session, also part of the healing process, and at this part we get to know Esther as a person not just as patient. Furthermore, after the dinner at Esther’s house and the significance of her husband’s prayer, Esther feels so guilty that she never follows up with her appointment and stops the rest of the treatment. Like Job, Esther is torn apart by her belief that she should suffer and often loses the will to place faith in God and hope for better health. The story of Esther ends tragically due to Esther’s unyielding feelings of guilt. She lost the battle with cancer and died after receiving treatment in the most advanced stage of the disease. On the other side, in the Bible, Job questions God and learns the valuable lesson about the sovereignty of God and his need to trust in Lord. After Job places trust in God, his prosperity and health returns. Here is where Esther and Job differ. While Job regains his faith and his prosperity, Esther is continually haunted by shame and consequently loses her health. I think that God’s desire was to purify Esther, and that could be reason behind her disease, but Esther not seeking treatment was her own negative way of coping with the sin. Esther did not believe in God’s will, for her to be purified, and she suffered until her death. In my opinion, Esther was so focused on the idea of punishment that she missed the whole point of purifying her soul. I think of God as the greatest, and it is hard for me to believe that our Lord would want Esther to suffer without the treatment. Job in the bible submitted himself to God and regained his lost goods, but Esther did what she believed was right but she ended up dying at the end. Esther did not want to receive chemotherapy thinking she did not deserve it, and her mind was full of doubt. Both characters achieved purity at the end, but Esther’s was not aware of it. She allowed punishment and suffering to continue. The lesson from the bible is that we need to trust and obey God. Some things cannot be thoroughly explained in human terms, but we still need to always submit to His good will.

Employee Motivation in Tourism Industry

Employee Motivation in Tourism Industry Employee Motivation An important aspect for Service Excellence in Tourism Industry Introduction: Employee Motivation is believed as one of the vital factor for any organisation in order to operate successfully and ensuring service excellence. According to Charles Woodruffe (2006) â€Å"More and more organizations – especially those in the service sector – have become attuned to the idea that there is not much point in employing people at all if you are not going to take steps to make them want to give their best to you. But by no means all organizations think this way, and even if they do, they still need to put this thinking into practice†. Woodruffe (2006) C Wiley (1997) also holds and accepts the fact that employee motivation is one of the important aspects for the organisation to achieve or fulfil its visions, missions and organisational goal and thus attain success in the business. â€Å"Motivated employees can make powerful contributions to the profits and future success of a corporation† (C Wiley 1997) Paul Levesque believes that there is a unique relation between Employee Motivation and Customer Satisfaction. High level of Employee enthusiasm will result in higher level of Customer Satisfaction. â€Å"Employee motivation and customer satisfaction fuel each other in a chain reaction of contagious enthusiasm†. (Paul Levesque) For any research to be carried out efficiently and effectively, it’s really important to jot down the main aims and objectives. Laying out clear aims and objectives would benefit during research and will also be helpful enough in attaining them. The Rationale of this research topic is to critically review the importance of Employee motivation for achieving service excellence in tourism industry by conducting an extensive research and using different paradigm and methods for research. The main aim of the Research Topic is:- To evaluate the role and importance of employee motivation for achieving high level of service excellence in Tourism industry. The above mentioned aim provides a broader idea for evaluating the role and importance of employee motivation for achieving high level of service excellence in Tourism industry. So in order to critically evaluate every aspects of the mentioned aim, some important objectives have been drafted which are given below:- To identify employee motivation as an important tool for success of the organisations. To examine the use of motivational theories and strategy in order motivate employees and ensuring Service Excellence. To establish the growing use of reward and recognition and other methods like incentives as different ways of motivating employees After drafting down the objectives of the research topic it would be worthy enough to understand that for achieving them, suitable paradigms, philosophies, approach and methodology should be used and reviewed. Literature Review:- Literature by many researchers has been identified as an important factor for carrying out any type of research as it plays major role in understanding important theories, data, figures etc and also help in relating them to the data collected. But it is also important to understand that while pursuing research reviewing the available literature is an important step which should be followed. Veal (2006) believes that, â€Å"Reviewing the Literature on a topic can be one of the most rewarding – and one of the most frustrating – of research tasks. It is a task where a range of skills and qualities needs to be employed – including patience, persistence, insight and lateral thinking† (Veal: 2006). Hence, literature review also becomes an important part of the research in order to analyze the content of the available Literature for meeting the objectives of the research. This research is concerned to evaluate the concept of employee motivation, its importance for ensuring high level of service excellence and the role played by it for the success of the organization. For this particular research there are lots of Academics books, Journals Articles, Electronic Articles published on the Internet which provides extensive information. The data collected from the above mentioned secondary data play a crucial role in meeting the objectives of the research topic. At this stage of the research proposal briefly reviewing the available literature for the achievement of the mentioned objectives is required Hence, for the first objective which is to identify employee motivation as an important tool for success of the organisations mix and match of Primary and Secondary data would be referred. Good and comprehensive Academic books, journals and web articles are available in the form of Secondary Data which can be referred. There are numbers of journals and web articles which provide critical knowledge about Employee Motivation would also be referred. Journals articles and Web articles mentioned below gives information for the first objective:- â€Å"Motivating Your Staff in a Time of Change† written by Susan M. Heathfield This article provides vital information about the fact that employees are one of the factors in the success and motivating them is equally important for managers. Susan M. Heathfield believes â€Å"In today’s turbulent, often chaotic, environment, commercial success depends on employees using their full talents. Yet in spite of the myriad of available theories and practices, managers often view motivation as something of a mystery.† (http://humanresources.about.com/od/motivationsucces3/a/motivatestaff.htm) In the above article the author critically explains about the advantages of staff motivation, barrier in motivating staff and use of motivational theories and methods for achieving motivation. â€Å"Motivating knowledge workers to innovate: a model integrating motivation dynamics and antecedents† by Amar, A. D This article develops a conceptual model synthesizing motivations â€Å"what† and â€Å"how† that will bring human creativity in organizations which thrive on innovation and also understanding the theory and application of motivation which is very important in managing human resource and in making organizations succeed. â€Å"How to Encourage Employee Motivation† written by Anthony Di Primo This article gives information about the importance of employee for attaining efficiency and success. Author also point out some important steps for optimum personnel utilization. â€Å"Do All Carrots Look The Same? Examining the Impact of Culture on Employee Motivation† by Justine Di Cesare and Golnaz Sadri Provides extensive information about the effect of different dimensions of culture on Employee Motivation The second Objective which is to examine the use of motivational theories and strategy in order motivate employees and ensuring Service Excellence. For achieving this objective, Academics books would be the best assets to use. There are many books on the topic of Human Resource Management and Organizational Behaviour which provide extensive knowledge about Motivational theories and there importance. Academic books given below provides information about Content theories which mention theories developed by Maslow, Hertzberg, Mc. Clelland, Aldefer and Process motivational theories like Expectancy Theory, Equity Theory, Goal Theory and Attribution Theory. â€Å"Management and Organisational Behaviour† and â€Å"Managing People in the Hospitality Industry† by L.J, Mullins â€Å"Human Resource Management in the Hospitality and Tourism Industry† written by Michael Riley. â€Å"Human Resource Management† by Torrington, D., Hall, L and Taylor, S. Organizational Behaviour† by H. Kirk Downey, Don Hellriegel, John W. Slocum. â€Å"Strategic Human Resource Management†, by Mabey, C. and Salaman, G. Apart from the above mentioned books, Journals article could be referred. Article written by Terence R. Mitchell â€Å"Motivation: New Directions for Theory, Research and Practice† explains major theories of motivation concerned with the arousal and choice of behaviour, problems of implementation and directions for future research are suggested. For the third objective which is to establish the growing use of reward and recognition and other methods like incentives as different ways of motivating employees, again mix and match of Primary and Secondary data would be referred. Following Books and Journals examine the use of reward and recognition and incentives as useful techniques. â€Å"Strategic Human Resource Management†, by Mabey, C. and Salaman, G which critically evaluate the reward strategy used by Mangers. â€Å"What motivates employees according to over 40 years of motivation surveys† by Wiley, C, which provide in-depth information about the changes in factors influencing Employee Motivation over the years. â€Å"Recognise, Reward, Retain: The Three R’s of Performance Management† by Jennifer Juergens explains the concept of Reward, Recognition and Incentives for motivating employee and retaining them in the organisation for a long term. â€Å"Employee Motivation and Work Incentives in the Service Industries† by Robert W. McIntosh. This article explains the fact that to effectively motivate, a definite system of incentives or rewards is necessary. It also provides information different techniques and suggestion for motivating employees. â€Å"Incentive remuneration not delivering role ownership?† This article critically analyze to the fact that performance related pay is supposed to motivate people to take more ownership of their role, to work harder, be more productive and contribute. Thus by doing a literature review of the current research topic, it could be said that the above mentioned Academics books, Journals and Articles provides an in – depth knowledge about the concepts of Motivation Theories, Employee motivation and its importance in Organisation’s success and achieving service excellence in tourism industry. Although in any research, literature review is an on-going process and in a same way for this research topic many more relevant Academic Books, Journals and Articles would be referred in order to gain excessive information about the topic. Research Design and Methodology:- Research Methodology according to Glyn Jackson, â€Å"Methodologies are strategies with strong focus on gathering information, planning, and design elements† (http://www.newebia.co.uk/articles/what-is-a-methodology.html) Positivist Paradigm and Phenomenology Paradigm are considered to be main paradigm for any research hence it would be very important to understand them briefly in order to efficiently use them for the current research topic. Positivist Paradigm â€Å"Positivism is a framework of research, similar to that adopted by the natural scientist, in which the researcher sees people as a phenomena to be studied from the outside, with behaviour to be explained on the basis of facts and observation gathered by researchers, using theories and models developed researchers† (Veal: 2006) In Positivist approach the data collected through is highly specific and precise .It lays emphasis on quantitative observations and statistical analysis. (Collis, J: 2003) On the other hand, Phenomenological paradigm â€Å"Is a framework which gives more emphasis on the people being studied to provide their own explanation of their situation or behaviour.† (Veal: 2006) Phenomenological paradigm is predominately Qualitative in nature and data derived is highly rich and subjective (Collis, J.2003). For the above mentioned Research topic, a PLURALISTIC approach which is a combination of both Positivist and Phenomenology paradigm. This approach has been taken as research process which includes both observations (Positivist) and the personal views (Phenomenology) of Managers and Employees on Employee Motivation and its relation to Service excellence. For this research Inductive approach has been applied as it believed to be a process whereby the exploration and analysis of related observation leads to the construction of a theory that systematically links such observations in a meaningful way† (Clark M: 1998). Hence for this research, it would be described that Employee Motivation is essential for Service excellence by collection of Primary (surveys) and Secondary (Books, Journals) data and then processing the collected data for explanation to fulfil the objectives of the proposed research. In this research topic as informed before for the first and the third objective Primary and Secondary sources will be used for achieving them. As far as the first and the third objectives goes along with using books, journals and articles, Primary data will be collected with the method of Survey. Major survey techniques will be used like:- Face to Face Interview Questionnaire Telephonic Interviews E – mails Interviews and Questionnaire For the First objective at the preliminary stage, Telephonic Interviews or E mail Interviews would be conducted with Mangers and Supervisors in order to convince them about the research and also to carry out Face to face Interviews at the later stages. By using these survey techniques the first objective of how employee motivation plays an important role in success of the Organisations can be identified. For the Third objective which is to examine the use of rewards and incentives as Motivators. A questionnaire will also be designed for employees in order to gain information on how reward, recognition and incentives help them feel motivated. Telephonic and Face to face Interview will be conducted with managers and Supervisors to understand their views on the rewards, recognition and incentive plans as motivators for their employees. Appendix 1 given at the end of the report consists some of the potential Questions to be asked at the time of Telephonic or Face to face Interviews. For carrying out a successful survey it is very important for any researcher to use the technique of Sampling. â€Å"Sampling is a process by which researchers select a representative subset or part of the total population that can be studied for the topic so that they will be able to draw conclusion regarding the entire population† (Levent Altinay and Alexandros Paraskevas: 2008) Thus for this research, the area and number of organisations to be surveyed will be determined by the use of Multi stage sampling under Probility Sampling approach, hence undertaking Survey in four major towns of UK namely Birmingham, Wolverhampton, West Bromwich and Walsall and at least 2 organisations will be surveyed from each town. The number of Managers and Employees to be surveyed will be determined by the use of Simple Random Sampling in which 20 employees will be surveyed from each organisation and 2 managers or supervisors will be surveyed from each organisation. After discussing the Philosophy and Methodology of the research topic, another important step which would be taken care at the time of conducting the research is of Ethics. Ethics according to Veal (2006) is a behavior which is important in research, as in any other field of human activity. Ethical issues arise in the design and conduct of research and in the reporting of results. The general principles in codes of research ethics are: That no harm should befall the research subjects That subjects should take part freely That subject should take part on the basis of informed consent. (Veal: 2006) At the time of conducted research, the questions for the Interviews and Questionnaire would be carefully designed so that they don’t negative impression about the research. No individual will be forced to give interviews and answering questionnaire. The aims and objectives of the research will be discussed and made evident to the participant before doing survey of any kind. After noting the value of Ethics in research it would be important to discuss briefly the importance of Reliability and Validity. Reliability is believed to be the extent to which research findings would be the same if the research were to be repeated at a later date or with a different sample of subjects. In a phenomenological approach reliability is low as compared to positivist approach. (Veal: 2006) On the other hand, Validity is the extent to which the information collected by the researcher truly reflects the phenomena being studied. In phenomenological approach validity is high as compared to positivist approach (Veal: 2006) Thus the above mentioned Research philosophy and methodology are appropriate as the methods used for data collection are apt enough to meet the objectives of the proposed Research Topic. Conclusion:- Finally in the end it would be worthy enough to recognize the importance of Employee motivation for ensuring service excellence in tourism industry. Employee Motivation not only plays an important role for service excellence but it is also very important for smooth operations of the organisations. Wiley, C. believe â€Å"In order to attain to high levels of performance, employers depend on their employees to perform at levels that positively affect the bottom line. Thus, they must understand what motivates them. Such an understanding is essential to improving productivity and, ultimately, to ensuring the success of the company†. The aim and objectives of the research topic are clear and the method of survey and sampling seems to be the most suitable in order to collect primary data and the literature review also proves the availability of sufficient secondary data in the form of Books, journals and internet sources. Thus it can be said that the Positivist and Phenomenology par adigm , Pluralistic approach and methodology of Survey and Sampling of the research topic, if carried out in a systematic and organised manner keeping in mind the Ethics of research can be very helpful in conducting a valid and reliable research. Referencing:- Books Mullins, L.J. (1998) Managing People in Hospitality Industry (3rd Edition) Harlow: Longman Mullins, L.J. (1999) Management Organisational Behaviour (5th Edition) FT/Prentice Hall: London Veal, A (2006) Research Methods for Leisure and Tourism – a Practical Guide, (3rd Edition), Harlow: Prentice Hall Mabey, Christopher (1995), Strategic human resource management. Oxford: Blackwell Business. Torrington, Derek (2004), Human resource management (6th Edition), Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall Altinay, L (2008), Planning research in hospitality and tourism, Amsterdam; London: Butterworth-Heinemann Collis. Hussey, R .(2003): Business Research – a practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students , 2nd Edition, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan Altinay, L, and Paraskevas, A. (2008), Planning research in hospitality and tourism, Amsterdam; London: Butterworth-Heinemann. Mona A. Clark (1998), Researching and writing dissertations in hospitality and tourism, London: International Thomson Business Press. Journals Wiley, C (1997) What motivates employees according to over 40 years of motivation surveys, International Journal of Management, Vol 18, No 3, pp263-280 Di Cesare, J Golnaz, S (2003) Do all carrots look the same? examining the impact of culture on employee motivation In Management Research News, 26:1 Woodruffe, C. (2006), The crucial importance of employee engagement, Human Resource Management International Digest, Vol.14, No. 1, pp. 3-5. Jennifer Juergens (2005) Recognise, Reward, Retain: The Three R’s of Performance Management, Successful Sales Management, pp. 6 – 14. Amar, A. D (2004), Motivating knowledge workers to innovate: a mode integrating motivation dynamics and antecedents, European Journal of innovation Management, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 89 – 101 Electronic Source (Internet Websites) Paul Levesque, (no date) Turn Your Employees into Customer Service Dynamos [online]. [Cited 20th April 2008] Robert W. McIntosh, (no date) Employee Motivation and Work Incentives in the Service Industry [online]. [Cited 20th April 2008]. Zealise, (no date) Incentive remuneration not delivering role ownership [online]. [Cited 20th April 2008]. Glyn Jackson, (no date) what is a methodology? [online] . [Cited 20th April 2008]. Appendix 1 Telephonic or Face to face Interview: Some of the potential Questions to be asked at the time of Telephonic or Face to face Interviews Worksheet: Interview Questions What is the primary aim of your company? What really motivates your staff? Are there any recent changes in the company that might have affected motivation? What are the barriers in motivation which stop employees performing to best effect? What are the patterns of motivation in your company? How involved are employees in company development? Does employee feel motivated when they take part in development process?

Napster :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Treble in the Music Industry Close to four months ago, when I heard the word ‘Napster’ I thought it was a new phrase for telling people they had nappy hair. I had no idea what it was, but yet I heard everyone around me talking about it, so I surfed on the internet and decided to check it out. I went ahead and downloaded it the program, not knowing four months from now Napster would have a tremendous influence and impact in the music industry, changing the way we view music forever.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First of all, what is Napster? Napster is a program created by Shawn Fanning, an 18 year old ‘inarticulate’ teenager, who was frustrated trying to find good music on the internet ,and how so many of the pointers on the websites offering current music seem to only led to dead ends.it is a program enabling users to â€Å"transfer music files directly without going through a centralized file server or middle man.† (Greenfield 1), Napster is program that freed a vast library of copyrighted music, turning the music industry on its head.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For obvious reasons, recording artists as well as record companies are in opposition to napster, which are the loss in profit and sales and piracy issues that deal with copyright regulation and code. As Greenfield states, â€Å" Napster has forced the record companies to rethink their business models and record company lawers and recording artists to defend their intellectual property.† Changing the way the record companies have been operating their business for centuries by an 18 year old ‘inarticulate’ teenager is not an easy pill to swallow the record companies take much offense to this partially because Napster is the fastest growing site in history, passing the 25 million mark in less than a year of operation. ( Greenfield) and potentially taking away 25 million consumers from their business. Napster sends a disruptive message of change to the music industry, kicking out the old and bringing in the new and because of this the profitable or derly business of recording, promoting and selling music will never be the same again. Basically the music industry will become obsolete, thus losing jobs in the music industry, but according to TIME magazine, â€Å" record sales have gone up and there is virtually no indication that record sales are at a loss.†(pg.56) due to Napster, and free internet trade. Free internet music trade actually promotes new artists and recording artists by allowing the user to download music free of charge, and listen to their music allowing the user to make the decision whether or not to purchase the album.

Ethnography Essay -- Reflexivity Anthropology Essays

Ethnography Works Cited Missing Reflexivity is a qualitative method of research that takes an ethnography one step further, displaying the personal thoughts and reflections of the anthropologist on his informants. Ethnographies generally take an outside or foreign perspective of a culture, like reading a text, and reflexivity introduces a new component of inside description. Here, the anthropologist may describe personal interactions and experiences with natives and use this inside information to make additional conclusions about the people being studied. The ethnographer may also reflect on his ethnic connections with his informants, or his acceptance into the society, explaining that it provides valuable, inside knowledge of the culture and ultimately leads to a greater understanding of the native people as a whole. The importance of reflexivity is illustrated in Dissolution and Reconstitution of Self: Implications for Anthropological Epistemology, by anthropologist Dorinne Kondo. Her reflections lead her to realize that she has lost, or has almost lost, her identity as an American anthropologist and now sees herself as a young woman of Japanese culture. "What occurred in the field was a kind of fragmenting of identity into Japanese and American elements, so that the different strands, instead of interweaving to form a coherent whole, strained and tugged against one another" (78). As she became so immersed in the culture, Kondo began to understand and adopt cultural aspects that are unique to the Japanese, a thus adopted a new identity. At first, she practiced Japanese behavior to be socially accepted and gain the respect of her host family, but she was so successful that community members began to regard her as a fello... ...and to view cultures differently in general. Some Anthropologists with postmodernist ideologies view cultures as "messy text", which is "the most complex and interesting form of experimentation with ethnographic writing now being produced" (Marcus, 187). The influence of Postmodernism also lead to the emergence of reflexivity. Various styles of reflexivity now exist, such as feminist, sociological, and anthropological. Reflexivity contributes to "messy text," because it identifies many cultural aspects ethnographers cannot explain nor understand and thus cannot be fitted, neatly into structure. Reflexivity is also influencing ethnographers to develop new approaches in studying culture. As we have reviewed in several ethnographies this semester, we see that personal reflections of the anthropologists is just as significant to fieldwork as the 'outsider' descriptions.

Physics of Hydraulics :: physics hydraulics

Missing Figures/Equations History The type of physics that I will be presenting is a branch of Fluid Mechanics. Fluid mechanics studies the physics of gases and liquids. Hydraulics is defined as: "a branch of science that deals with practical applications of liquid in motion." Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary, via www.dictionary.com The science started over thousands of years ago with Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) and Archimedes (287-212 B.C.). Many European scientists also contributed to hydraulics, including da Vinci, Mariotte and Boyle. The scientist who discovered the main principle I will be talking about is Pascal. A French scientist who studied math and physics. His work included studying atmospheric pressure, conic sections and the principles of hydrostatics. After Pascal there is Bernoilli, Franklin and Froud, who all also contributed to the science of hydraulics. How it works (the physics part) The basic rule of using hydraulic power is Pascal's Principle. Pascal's Principle: pressure exerted on a fluid is distributed equally throughout the fluid. Hydraulics uses incompresible liquids so the applied pressure from one end (small arrow) is equal to the desired pressure on the other end (big arrow). The big arrow is pointing toward a piston that is free to move, and is sometimes connected to a rod. When the force is applied, the piston moves up or down. The equations are: equations Of course, as Prof. Newman says, "there is no free lunch," In order to move the larger area, the smaller area has to move a lot in order to move the larger area a little. The larger area is nine times greater than the smaller area. In order to move the larger piston one inch, the smaller piston has to move nine inches. The Uses of Hydraulics Hydraulics are used in many ways. Most of them are used everyday and not even thought about. Here are some examples of how hydraulics are used. They are all machines (I'm a mechanical engineer!) Car Brakes Car brakes work when you push the brake pedal, it pushes the small piston. The piston applies pressure on the brake fluid, which press the brake pads on the large pistons. The brake pads come into contact with the brake drum and slows the car down, eventually stopping the car. Airplanes Airplanes and jet planes use hydraulics in many places. * Adjusting wings * Putting out/bringing in landing gear * opening/closing doors Real Life Hydraulics Unfortunately applying hydraulics in real life isn't so simple. There are a few things to consider if you are planning on designing and building hydraulic equipment.

Unit Activity

The audience just clearly understand the issues raised, understand the speaker's stance, and be convinced of that stance's validity and relevance to them. Many, though not all, persuasive speeches include a call to action-?steps that the speaker hopes to persuade the audience to take. In this activity, you will analyze some persuasive speeches and write one of your own. To prepare for those tasks, learn how to structure a speech. When you write a speech, you should not only pay attention to its Structure but also take care to avoid instances of faulty logic or elements of orphaned, which may lower your credibility.You should also try to quote facts from well-known and reliable sources to support the arguments you make in your speech. Directions and Analysis Task 1: Write a Persuasive Speech Read these persuasive speeches: Shirley Chisholm address on equal rights for women William Jefferson Silicon's farewell address After reading these successful persuasive speeches, write a persuasi ve speech of your own. Your speech should be three minutes long, or roughly 500 words.Choose a political issue or world event, such as the 2011 Egyptian revolution or tax breaks for multinational corporations. Your speech should be designed to convince the audience of your perspective on the Issue and, if appropriate, follow up on your call to action. Start with a strong introduction to grab the audience's attention, avoid using propaganda techniques or faulty logic, and use facts from reliable sources. After writing the speech, read it aloud to check how long it takes to deliver. Type your speech here:Task 2: Review Your Work After completing your speech, use this checklist to check it for any elements of propaganda or faulty logic. Propaganda Element Usage Faulty Logic Usage bandwagon false analogy testimonial distraction transfer ad hominid loaded words appeal to ignorance glittering generalities either-or fallacy name calling appeal to pity comparison personified abstraction pla in folks non sequitur snob appeal appeal to wrong authority stereotype begging the question.

Plight of Indian Farmers Essay

India is an agrarian country and around 60% of its people directly or indirectly depend upon agriculture. Agriculture in India is often attributed as gambling with monsoons because of its almost exclusive dependency on precipitation from monsoons. The failure of these monsoons can lead to a series of droughts, lack of better prices, and exploitation of the farmers by middlemen, all of which have led to a series of suicides committed by farmers across India. Things have always been bleak for the Indian farmer. Here the term ‘farmer’ is used to describe the agriculturists with very small land holdings or no land ownership at all. The policies of the government and the often-lackadaisical attitude of the bureaucracy are responsible for the sorry plight of the farmer. Even the so-called ‘Green Revolution’ was successful only in patches. Not many small farmers could reap the benefits of the technology that required large tracts of land and lot of money. The policy makers ignored the need for creating infrastructural facilities like irrigation and storage and not to mention the transport facilities. Some of the main causes of the farmers’ mass suicide is due to absence of adequate social support infrastructure at the level of the village and district, uncertainty of agricultural enterprise in India, indebtedness of farmers, rising costs of cultivation, plummeting prices of farm commodities, lack of credit for small farmers, relative absence of irrigation facilities, repeated crop failures. India is transforming rapidly into a primarily urban, industrial society with industry as its main source of income; which is why the government and society remains unconcerned about the condition of the countryside. Moreover, a downturn in the urban economy pushes a large number of distressed non-farmers to try their hand at cultivation; in the absence of any responsible counseling either from the government or society there were many farme rs who did not know how to survive in the changing economy. Such stresses pushed many into a corner where suicide became the only option for them. The problems that plagued the farmers 15 years ago are still glaringly present today: There is little credit available. What is available is very expensive. There is no advice on how best to conduct agriculture operations. Income through farming is not enough to meet even the minimum needs of a farming family. Support systems like free health facilities from the government are virtually non-existent. Non availability of timely credit has been a major drawback for the agricultural sector of India. In a country which relies mostly on agriculture, constant endeavors are needed to see that rural and agricultural credit facilities are enhanced with time. As a part of these efforts, agricultural credit cards got introduced in the agricultural lending system. Similarly cash credit facility was also being offered by many banks. However, a major shortfall in these schemes remained the fact that they were concentrated mainly to the niche segment. The farmers lying in the higher end of the pyramid received access to these schemes while the marginal and small ones still remained unprivileged. The farmers’ problems should be assessed against the background of rural economy and the marketing of agricultural products. In almost all other economic transactions, those who produce the goods have the right to decide the market price of the product. But farm prices are not fixed on the basis of cost production of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, water and other in-puts, besides electricity and manual labour. Farm products are thrown into the market with the result that their price-structure collapses with market fluctuations. When markets are flooded with farm products, prices come down and a scarcity means the rise of prices. The scarcity is artificially created by middlemen and merchants. That is why traders of farm products get rich, while farmers remain poor. Traders get bank credit facilities, while farm credit is restricted to crop valuation which is not only uncertain, but considered at a low level by bankers who ascertain the farmers’ credit limit. Agriculture is not a sector for bank loans, and hence land assets are not considered for loan limits. The farmers are so neglected and exploited that, in times of crisis, they either have to get themselves trapped by private moneylenders or commit suicide. More than 17,500 farmers a year killed themselves between 2002 and 2006, according to experts who have analyzed government statistics. In 2006, the state of Maharashtra, with 4,453 farmers’ suicides accounted for over a quarter of the all-India total of 17,060. According to government data, over 5,000 farmers committed suicide between 2005-2009 in Maharashtra, while 1,313 cases were reported by Andhra Pradesh between 2005 and 2007. In Karnataka the number stood at 1,003, for the period 2005 – 2009. In the last four years, cases there were about 905 cases in Kerala, 387 in Gujarat, 75 in Punjab and 26 in Tamil Nadu. In April 2009, the state of Chhattisgarh reported that 1,500 farmers committed suicide due to debt and crop failure. Farmers often have to take loans from money lenders because of a lack of alternatives, and if the crops fail, they are left with no choice but to commit suicide. The problem is that the Indian government has no plan to subsidize or compensate for farmer’s losses if he fails to compete in the global market or to survive global market fluctuations. Unless their plight is duly assessed, adequate credit facilities are given, and compensation packages finalized, it would be difficult for farmers to survive in any market, particularly under the present rural conditions. The rural people consisting of 70% (including farmers, artisans, fishermen, 93% Tribal’s, 86% Schedule d castes, nomads etc.) do not have the basic facilities as secured by the organized sectors. These people living in Villages of Bharat are illiterate, do not have basic facilities of health & education neither regular income nor growth. The reason for the lack of facilities is due to lopsided policies adopted in the past after Liberalization process. The leaders as well as Intellectuals have become immune to the problems confronted by rural people. There is a general feeling among farmers of being ‘left behind’ in large parts of rural India. The widening disparity in per capita income between farm and other than farm sector, the very slow rate of growth in agriculture, the declining profitability, extremely weak social security arrangements, weakening family and community based mechanism of social protection, lack of employment opportunities etc., and the rising aspirations are building up social unrest which, if not arrested, could lead to threats to internal peace and security. The worsening cost-risk-return structure of farming, the low and stagnating income of farmers and the huge and widening income divide between farmers and non-farmers are the main deterrents. The Indian farmers have always been at the receiving end since Independence. Their hard toil fetched them nothing except fake assurances from the rulers of this nation. It’s sad and unfortunate that people who are indispensable for the growth of nation have been left to their fate. This is quite evident from the suicide cases in Andhra and other parts of the country including West Bengal. In states like UP, middlemen and Mandi officials ensure that the farmers turn into object of grief. The need of the hour is implementation of schemes introduced by the government. This can take place effectively if the village panchayats are provided more power to execute them in smooth manner. Today bureaucratic set-ups eat into their advantages. Again farmers need to be equipped with latest technological accessories that enhance the prospects of better output and thus make their contribution more prominent in the global economy. Better results could be attained if information centers having state-of-the -art facilities are set-up inside each village that shed light on issues related with farmers. They form the backbone of the nation and so it becomes imperative for us to be conscious of their needs. Recommendations to reduce the plight of Indian Farmers * Agricultural subsidies should not be stopped but it should be done in an efficient manner so that the needed farmers or poor farmers who are not financially stable can get these facilities and their situation can be improved. Government should have all the details of farmers and on the basis of that list distribution should be done. They should provide subsidies category wise. Improvement in the agricultural sector is one step towards the development of our country. * Comprehensive insurance safety net * Revamping of extension services in lines with e-choupals; and dissemination of information such as agricultural prices and methods of low-cost organic farming. * Fundamental policy changes to factor in the fluctuating production cost in the minimum Support Price mechanism. * To integrate surface and groundwater irrigation schemes and integrate the line departments in order that the schemes are implemented efficiently. * Policy changes to focus on farmers rather than seed and fertilizer corporations and set up of a commission with statutory powers that takes decisions on issues such as genetic modification technology and its impact on Indian agriculture, agriculture pricing policy and cropping pattern.

Women In Science Essay

I have only had two significant experiences with science, the Energy Academy and Physics class. Both experiences have changed my point of view in science forever. One encouraged it while the other made me utterly afraid of it. Both of them with the same teacher but with two different outcomes. I have also have encountered science at the California Science Center in Los Angles. First will talk about my experience with science with Academy.Before I joined Academy never even thought about joining the field of science and genealogy, but as I learned more about science and technology began to find it very interesting. We visited and talked to professionals in the field of energy science and I could not help but like it a lot. Think Independence high school has made a great decision about creating the Academy program, because now know that am interested in this field of science. I loved how Mrs.. Wolf was dedicated to the Academy and how she made sure that every student would succeed.I bel ieve that every student in the Energy Academy ins a lot of knowledge about science and technology. My second experience was with my sophomore year Physics class. I dreaded that class, because I rarely understood what was happening. I would go to class understand what she taught, but when a test came would not understand a single problem. Still got a good grade in the class, but struggled a lot, so decided never want to go in to a job that uses physics. It was not my teacher's fault that I did not understand the subject, I just did not comprehend it at all.When I was a kid my school went to go visit the California Science Center, at the time lived in San Fernando Valley. I went to a magnet school with peers that were under privileged, including me as well. None of us have gone to places like the Science Center, and when we saw it we all thought it was the most magical place ever. The most memorable exhibit was the giant imitation human and side kick cartoon that talked about human or gans. I thought it was the most amazing thing ever, and the thing that interested me he most was that how every single part of the body needed each other to survive.The imitation and cartoon made me realize how was interested in the field of science, and as I grew up I became interested in the field of psychology. It is funny to think that I have based my entire future career based on what a giant imitation human and cartoon taught me about the human body when I was in the first grade, but still think that because of them.

By Using Corporate Social Responsibility (Csr) the Tobacco Industry

[pic] Assignment Cover Sheet 200336 Business Academic Skills School of Business |James | |Student last name: | | | |Martin | |Student first name: | | | |17508979 | |Student number: | | | |200336 Business Academic Skills | |Unit name and number: | | | |Thursday | |Workshop day: | | | |3:30PM – 5PM | |Workshop time: | | | |EB. G. 7 | |Workshop room: | | | |Tyrone Kirchengast | |Workshop tutor: | | | |Essay | |Title of assignment: | | | |1000 words plus eferences | |Length: | | | |In Workshop Week 14 (beginning 28 May) | |Date due: | | | |31/05/2012 | |Date submitted: | | | |Parramatta | |Campus enrolment: | | Declaration: I hold a copy of this assignment if the original is lost or damaged. ? I hereby certify that no part of this assignment or product has been copied from any other student’s work or from any other source except where due acknowledgement is made in the assignment. ? No part of the assignment/product has been written/produced for me by any other person excep t where collaboration has been authorised by the subject lecturer/tutor concerned. ? I am aware that this work may be reproduced and submitted to plagiarism detection software programs for the purpose of detecting possible plagiarism (which may retain a copy on its database for future plagiarism checking). I am aware that the plagiarism detection software programs are not the only means that will be used to detect plagiarism (i. e. having a zero report may still result in plagiarism). Signature: ______________________________________ Note: An examiner or lecturer/tutor has the right to not mark this assignment if the above declaration has not been signed. ESSAY |Assessment question |By using corporate social responsibility (CSR) the tobacco industry is seeking to change their unethical public | | |image. Evaluate this strategy using three ethical principles of the Global Business Standards Codex. | Type your essay below:The tobacco industry has come under scrutiny regarding their us e of corporate responsibility to change an unethical image that has plagued them since the latter half of the 20th century. The purpose of this essay is to evaluate the use of corporate social responsibility using three ethical principles of the global business standards codex and studies reviewing the tobacco industry’s use of corporate social responsibility in relation to the health issues, environmental issues and the social issues concerning the tobacco companies. The tobacco industry’s use of corporate responsibility to change their unethical public image is ineffective and disingenuous, as they are simply using this strategy as a defence against public disparagement.The farming and production of tobacco carries widespread environmental impacts which are damaging to the surrounding ecosystems and natural processes. British American Tobacco and Phillip Morris had established supply chains in the 1990s as a means of farming tobacco more efficiently aiming to maximis e profits (Otanez & Glantz 2010). However these supply chains were damaging to the environment as well as local communities of developing countries as deforestation and the use of child labour on tobacco plantations became widespread throughout these supply chains. In the 2000s these companies addressed the environmental and labour concerns by redefining their tobacco farming procedures and implementing environmentally sustainable practices.Although it was revealed through the studies undertaken by Otanez & Glantz (2010) that the tobacco farming practices remained the same and this attempt to deceive the public was revealed to be a CSR exploit. The use of corporate social responsibility seeks to minimise risks and adverse effects maximising economic and social benefits establishing relationships based on trust to promote progress in accordance with ethical principles and moral values (Crisan, CM & Borza 2012). In terms of the Business Standards Codex, the tobacco industry violates t he citizenship principle which states that â€Å"Every employee should act as a responsible citizen in the community. † (Stanwick & Stanwick 2009).The principle states that employees must protect and preserve public goods or common grounds including sustainability and other environmental issues in order to conduct business in an ethical manner. The tobacco industry’s attempt to appear ethical was transparent as their business practices remained unchanged despite the illusion of addressing the issues. Furthermore the tobacco industry uses CSR to uphold the wellbeing of society despite continuing to produce lethal products. The health effects which occur as a result of using products manufactured by tobacco companies are widespread and in most cases deadly. The tobacco companies are well aware of their products deadly nature however they continue to manufacture and distribute these products.In an effort to repair their image, the tobacco companies used public relations e xploits and funding youth anti-smoking campaigns which have been proven to be ineffective and in fact a heinous marketing tool directed at underage smokers. (Friedman 2009) Tobacco companies have even gone as far to focus their corporate social responsibility tactics at the education sector in the form of scholarships, grants, professorships and even the creation of an entire school (World Health Organisation 2003). This use of corporate social responsibility however was used as more of a defence against public condemnation due to the unchanged nature of their selling practices.On August 17, 2006 the United States District Court found the tobacco industry guilty of a number of allegations of fraud and conspiracy (Friedman 2009). The conduct of the tobacco companies in light of this case was highly unethical in terms of the global business standards codex in particular the dignity principle which states â€Å"Protecting the dignity of people in society includes ensuring the human ri ghts of health, safety and privacy† (Stanwick & Stanwick 2009). Tobacco companies continue to manufacture and distribute products with full knowledge of the products lethal nature when used as directed, using CSR only as a defence against public scrutiny.Clement-Jones (2004) states that no company producing weapons or growing tobacco can ever be truly socially responsible due to the harmful effects of their products indicating that corporate social responsibility can merely be used as a tool of deception and hypocrisy. The tobacco industry’s use of CSR is not only a publicity exploit but a means of self regulation to avoid further government legislation on business and manufacturing practices. By implementing CSR practices into the business conduct of tobacco industry, the companies create a false representation of responsibility for their actions. This however has come under scrutiny from NGO’s as calls for â€Å"international regulation backed up by national l egislation to ensure the enforcement of real social responsibility on the corporate world† (Hirschhorn 2003).Tobacco companies have been some of the first organisations in the early years of the 1900s to realise the value of public relations and gaining support for their industry (Thomson 1998). The tobacco industry’s use of CSR is nothing more than companies protecting their profits and satisfying their shareholders. Hastings & Liberman (2009) state that CSR is another means of promotion and sponsorship for the tobacco companies, by conducting â€Å"socially responsible causes† tobacco companies are able to inadvertently sponsor these causes and promote their products giving further evidence that the tobacco companies have ulterior motives to their use of CSR.The transparency principle of the global business standards codex states that employees are not to operate in a deceptive manner and that business should be conducted openly and honestly (Stanwick & Stanwic k 2009). The tobacco industry fails to follow this principle through their use of CSR as they operate in a deceptive manner. CSR can however be an effective tool for improving an organisations reputation and ethical image such is the case of Alcoa, an Australian based aluminium manufacturing company which improved its standing in the community with effective CSR practices (Black, Sydney-Smith & Zhao 2009). The use of CSR by organisations such as tobacco companies can never truly be an effective strategy as long as the manufacture of harmful products continues under these organisations.Using three principles of the business standards codex as well as the use of CSR by the tobacco industry to secure public support, it has been shown that these strategies have ulterior motives and are purely marketing tools used by these companies to conceal the promotion of their products which is banned by legislation. CSR however can remain a highly effective tool for public relations as long as the intentions of those organisations are beneficial to society. References Type your reference list in alphabetical order below: Black, LD, Sydney-Smith, K & Zhao, Y 2009, How Business Behaviour Contributes to Reputation and Perceptions of Performance: A Case Study of Alcoa of Australia, viewed April 2012, .Clement-Jones, T 2004 ‘Coporate social responsibility – bottom-line issue or public relations exercise? ’ in J Hancock (ed), Investing in corporate social responsibility: a guide to best practice, business planning & the UK's leading companies, 1st edn, Kogan Page Limited. , London, United Kingdom. Crisan, CM & Borza, A 2012, ‘Social Entrepreneurship and Corporate Social Responsibilities’ International Business Research, 2 February, viewed 4 April 2012, http://search. proquest. com. ezproxy. uws. edu. au/docview/963357717/fulltextPDF? accountid=36155;. Friedman, L 2009, ‘Tobacco industry use of corporate social responsibility tactics as a swor d and shield on second hand smoke issues’, Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 19-827 viewed 11 April 2012, University of Western Sydney Database, DOI: 10. 1111/j. 1748-720X. 2009. 00453. x Hirschhorn, N 2004, ‘Corporate social responsibility and the tobacco industry: hope or hype? ’, Tobacco Control, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 445-453, viewed 7 May 2012, University of Western Sydney Library database, DOI 10. 1136/tc. 2003. 006676 Hastings, G, Liberman, J 2009 ‘Tobacco corporate social responsibility and fairy godmothers: the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control slays a modern myth’, Tobacco Control, vol 18 no. 2 pp 73-74, viewed 9 May 2012, University of Western Sydney Library database, DOI 10. 1136/tc. 2008. 029264 Otanez, M, Glantz, G 2011 ‘Social responsibility in tobacco production?Tobacco companies’ use of green supply chains to obscure the real costs of tobacco farming’, Tobacco Control, vol 20 no. 6, pp403 -411, viewed 5 May 2012, University of Western Sydney Library database, DOI 10. 1136/tc. 2010. 039537 Stanwick, P & Stanwick S 2009, ‘The foundation of ethical thought’ , in Campbell, N (ed. ) , Business academic skills, 4th edn, Pearson Australia, Frenchs Forest, NSW Thomson, S. R. 1998, Public Relations and the Tobacco Industry: Examining the Debate on Practitioner Ethics, Journal of Mass Media Ethics: Exploring Questions of Media Morality, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 152-164, viewed 3 April 2012, UWS Library database, DOI 10. 207/s15327728jmme1303_2 World Health Organiation 2003, Tobacco industry and corporate responsibility†¦ an inherent contradiction view 3 April 2012, . |ESSAY /100 | | |Clear Fail |Needs Work |Pass |Credit |Distinction |High Distinction | |STRUCTURE | |Introduction |There is no introduction. The introduction: |The introduction: |The introduction: |The introduction: |The introduction: | | | |Has no clear thesis statement OR|Has a thesis statement and |Has a thesis statement |Has a clear thesis statement |Has a clear thesis statement that | | | |The thesis statement is not |Outlines the main points that |Outlines the main points that |that relates back to the |relates back to the question | | | |related to the essay question |support your position but may or|support your position but may or|question |Outlines the main points that | | | |and |may not be in the correct order. may not be in the correct order |Outlines the main points that |support your position in the correct| | | |Does not outline the main points| |and |support your position in the |order and | | | |that support your position. | |Has a few general statements |correct order and |Has a few general statements about | | | | | |related to the topic. Has a few general statements |the topic that clarifies your | | | | | | |about the topic. |interpretation of the question. | |/10 | | | | | | | | |0 |0. 5-4. 5 |5. 0-6. 0 |6. 5-7. 0 |7. 5-8. 0 |8. -10 | | |The arguments are not relevant |The arguments are somewhat |The arguments are relevant to |The arguments are mostly |The arguments are relevant to |The arguments are highly relevant to| |Arguments, structure and |to the essay question and do not|relevant to the essay question |the essay question but may not |relevant to the essay question |the essay question and mostly |the essay question and support the | |Cohesion |support the thesis statement or |but do not support the thesis |support the thesis statement |and somewhat support the thesis |support the thesis statement |thesis statement | | |The paragraphs are not well statement and |Some paragraphs are structured |statement |Each paragraph is structured |Each paragraph is structured well | | |structured and |The paragraphs are not well |well but may or may not have a |Each paragraph is usually |well with one topic and |with one topic and concluding | | |The sequence does not match the |structured and |single topic. |structured well with one topic | concluding sentence. |sentence which links back to the | | |outline in the introduction. |The sequence does not match the |Some paragraphs are linked and |and concluding sentence. |Most paragraphs and ideas are |thesis statement. | | | |outline in the introduction. The sequence may or may not |Most paragraphs are clearly |clearly linked and |All paragraphs and ideas are | | | | |match the outline in the |linked and |The sequence matches the outline|effectively linked and | | | | |introduction. |The sequence matches the outline|in the introduction. |The sequence matches the outline in | | | | | |in the introduction. | |the introduction. |/25 | | | | | | | | |0-7. 0 |7. 5-12. 0 |12. 5-16. 0 |16. 5-18. 5 |19. 0-21. 0 |21. 5-25 | |Use of evidence |There is no supporting evidence |The evidence that is presented: |The evidence that is presented: |The evidence that is presented: |The evidence that is presented: |The evidence that is presented: | | |for the arguments presented. |Does not in corporate at least 3 |Incorporates at least 3 of the |Incorporates at least 3 of the Incorporates at least 3 of the |Incorporates at least 3 of the | | | |of the required readings |required readings |required readings |required readings |required readings | | | |Is limited and |Supports the arguments but |Supports the arguments |Supports the arguments |Supports the arguments from a number| | | |Is a descriptive summary. |Is a descriptive summary. |Elaborates on its relevance and |Elaborates on its relevance and |of perspectives | | | | | |Uses descriptive ethics. |Uses descriptive and analytical |Evaluates relevance and | | | | | | |ethics. Uses descriptive, analytical and | | | | | | | |normative ethics. | |/20 | | | | | | | | |0-5. 5 |6. 0-9. 5 |10. 0-12. 5 |13. 0-14. 5 |15. 0-16. 5 |17. 0-20 | | |There is no conclusion. The conclusion: |The conclusion: |The conclusion: |The conclusion: |The conclusion: | |Conclusion | |Summarises some of the |Summarises some of the |Summarises so me of the main |Summarises most of the main |Summarises all the main arguments in| | | |information presented in the |information presented in the |arguments in the body of the |arguments in the body of the |the body of the essay; | | | |body but |body and |essay and |essay and |Restates the thesis statement and | | | |Does not restate the thesis |Restates the thesis statement. |Restates the thesis statement. |Restates the thesis statement. Makes a final comment without | | | |statement. | | | |introducing new ideas. | |/10 | | | | | | | | |0 |. 5-4. 5 |5. 0-6. 0 |6. 5-7. 0 |7. 5-8. 0 |8. -10 | |Academic writing style |Does not use: |Does not use: |May or may not use: |Sometimes uses: |Mostly uses: |Always uses: | | |Objective and subjective |Objective and subjective |Objective and subjective |Objective and subjective |Objective and subjective |Objective and subjective language | | |language appropriately |language appropriately |language appropriately |language appropriately |langu age appropriately |appropriately | | |Connections between ideas and |Connections between ideas and |Connections between ideas and |Clear and logical connections |Concise and formal ideas |Concise and formal ideas | | |sentences AND |sentences or |sentences and/or |between ideas and sentences |Clear and logical connections |Clear and logical connections | | |Formal academic writing. |Formal academic writing. |Formal academic writing. |and/or |between ideas and sentences |between ideas and sentences and | | | | | |Formal academic writing. |and/or |Formal academic writing. | | | | | |Formal academic writing. | | |/5 | | | | | | | | |0-1. 0 |1. 5-2. 0 |2. 5-3. 0 |3. 5 |4. 0 |4. 5-5. 0 | REFERENCING | |In-text citation |Few or no resources are |Some resources are acknowledged |Most resources are acknowledged |Most resources are acknowledged |All resources are acknowledged but|All resources are acknowledged | | |acknowledged OR |May or may not follow the Harvard |but |Accurately follow th e Harvard |Do not accurately follow the |Accurately follow the Harvard | | |Do not follow the Harvard system |system OR |Do not accurately follow the |system and |Harvard system and |system and | | |OR |Uses too many direct quotes. |Harvard system and |May or may not use too many direct|Quotes minimally and |Uses own words. | | |Uses direct quotes excessively. | |May or may not use too many direct|quotes. |appropriately. | | | | |quotes. | | | | |/10 | | | | | | | | |0-2. 5 |3. 0-4. 5 |5. 0-6. 0 |6. 5-7. 0 |7. 5-8. 0 |8. -10 | |Reference list |There are less than 6 scholarly |There are less than 6 scholarly |There are at least 6 scholarly |There are at least 7-9 scholarly |There are 10 scholarly references |There are 10 scholarly references | | |references and |references OR |references |references |Most references are cited in the |All references are cited in the | | |Most references are not in the |Most references are not in the |Most references are cited in the |Most references a re cited in the |body of the essay and/or |body of the essay and | | |body of the essay or |body of the essay and |body of the essay and |body of the essay and/or |The Harvard style is near perfect. The Harvard style is perfect. | | |It is not in Harvard style. |It is not in Harvard style. |It is in Harvard style. |The Harvard style is good. | | | |/10 | | | | | | | | |0-2. 5 |3. 0-4. 5 |5. 0-6. 0 |6. 5-7. 0 |7. 5-8. 0 |8. -10 | |GRAMMAR AND PRESENTATION | |Spelling, grammar &|There are major grammatical errors|There are a lot of spelling, |There are some spelling, |There are a few spelling, |There are minor spelling, |There are no spelling, grammatical| |punctuation |which make the essay difficult to |grammatical and punctuation |grammatical and punctuation |grammatical and punctuation |grammatical and punctuation |and punctuation errors. | | |comprehend. |errors. |errors. |errors. |errors. | | |/5 | | | | | | | | |0-1. 0 |1. 5-2. 0 |2. 5-3. 0 |3. 5 |4. 0 |4. 5-5. | |Presentation | Does not: |Does not: |Uses assessment template |Uses assessment template |Uses assessment template |Uses assessment template | | |Use assessment template |Use assessment template OR |Fills in some of the coversheet |Fills in some of the coversheet |Fills in most of the coversheet |Fills in all of the coversheet | | |Sign declaration on coversheet AND|Fill in the coversheet OR |correctly |correctly |correctly |correctly | | |Adhere to word limit. Sign declaration OR |Signs declaration and |Ticks the boxes and signs |Ticks the boxes and signs |Ticks the boxes and signs | | | |Adhere to word limit. |Adheres to word limit. |declaration and |declaration and |declaration and | | | | | |Adheres to word limit. |Adheres to word limit. |Adheres to word limit. | |/5 | | | | | | | | |0 |0. 5-2. |2. 5-3. 0 |3. 5 |4. 0 |4. 5-5. 0 | additional comments: |Sub-Total |Number of Days Late |Late Penalties |Total | |(100) | |(minus 10 marks/day) |(100) | | | | | | | | | | |